List at least 2 antenatal factors associated with an increased incidence of congenital heart defects in the neonate.

 

Recognize the fetal cardiac development time line.

 

Describe fetal circulation and the necessary birth changes to successfully complete the transition from intra-uterine to extra-uterine existence.

 

Discuss clinical presentation of the PDA in the neonate.

 

Describe medical, surgical & nursing management of the neonate with a PDA.